TASK-031: Enforce bcrypt 72-byte password limit

Bcrypt silently truncates passwords at 72 bytes, so passwords longer than 72
characters provide no additional security. This commit enforces the 72-byte
maximum across the authentication and setup flows.

Changes:
- Add max_length=72 to LoginRequest.password and SetupRequest.master_password
- Update field validator in SetupRequest to explicitly check max_length
- Add comprehensive tests for password length validation (6 new test cases)
- Document the 72-byte limitation in Features.md (master password options)
- Add new section 12 'Password Hashing' in Backend-Development.md explaining:
  - The bcrypt truncation behavior
  - Why the limit is enforced
  - The validation flow from frontend to backend
  - What happens when passwords exceed the limit

All existing tests pass, no regressions introduced.

Co-authored-by: Copilot <223556219+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

backend/app/models/auth.py

@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ class LoginRequest(BaseModel):
 
     model_config = ConfigDict(strict=True)
 
-    password: str = Field(..., description="Master password to authenticate with.")
+    password: str = Field(
+        ...,
+        max_length=72,
+        description="Master password to authenticate with (max 72 bytes due to bcrypt truncation).",
+    )
 
 
 class LoginResponse(BaseModel):

backend/app/models/setup.py

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ class SetupRequest(BaseModel):
     master_password: str = Field(
         ...,
         min_length=8,
-        description="Master password that protects the BanGUI interface.",
+        max_length=72,
+        description="Master password that protects the BanGUI interface (max 72 bytes due to bcrypt truncation).",
     )
 
     @field_validator("master_password")
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@ class SetupRequest(BaseModel):
     def validate_master_password(cls, value: str) -> str:
         if len(value) < 8:
             raise ValueError("Password must be at least 8 characters long.")
+        if len(value) > 72:
+            raise ValueError("Password must not exceed 72 bytes (bcrypt limitation).")
         if not any(char.isupper() for char in value):
             raise ValueError("Password must include at least one uppercase letter.")
         if not any(char.isdigit() for char in value):

backend/tests/test_models.py

@@ -289,3 +289,78 @@ def test_global_config_response_log_target_invalid_path(_mock_allowed_dirs: None
         )
     error_msg = str(exc_info.value)
     assert "outside allowed directories" in error_msg
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# LoginRequest and SetupRequest password validation
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_login_request_password_accepted_at_72_bytes() -> None:
+    """LoginRequest accepts passwords exactly 72 bytes long."""
+    from app.models.auth import LoginRequest
+
+    password_72 = "a" * 72
+    req = LoginRequest(password=password_72)
+    assert req.password == password_72
+
+
+def test_login_request_password_rejected_over_72_bytes() -> None:
+    """LoginRequest rejects passwords exceeding 72 bytes."""
+    from app.models.auth import LoginRequest
+
+    password_73 = "a" * 73
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        LoginRequest(password=password_73)
+    error_msg = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "at most 72 characters" in error_msg or "max_length" in error_msg
+
+
+def test_setup_request_master_password_accepted_at_72_bytes() -> None:
+    """SetupRequest accepts master_password exactly 72 bytes long."""
+    from app.models.setup import SetupRequest
+
+    password_72 = "Password1!" + "a" * 61  # 72 chars total with required complexity
+    req = SetupRequest(master_password=password_72)
+    assert req.master_password == password_72
+
+
+def test_setup_request_master_password_rejected_over_72_bytes() -> None:
+    """SetupRequest rejects master_password exceeding 72 bytes."""
+    from app.models.setup import SetupRequest
+
+    password_73 = "Password1!" + "a" * 63  # 73 chars total
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        SetupRequest(master_password=password_73)
+    error_msg = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "at most 72 characters" in error_msg or "string_too_long" in error_msg
+
+
+def test_setup_request_master_password_min_length_still_enforced() -> None:
+    """SetupRequest still enforces minimum password length (8 characters)."""
+    from app.models.setup import SetupRequest
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        SetupRequest(master_password="Short1!")
+    error_msg = str(exc_info.value)
+    assert "8 characters" in error_msg
+
+
+def test_setup_request_master_password_complexity_still_enforced() -> None:
+    """SetupRequest still enforces password complexity requirements."""
+    from app.models.setup import SetupRequest
+
+    # Missing uppercase
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        SetupRequest(master_password="password123!")
+    assert "uppercase" in str(exc_info.value)
+
+    # Missing number
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        SetupRequest(master_password="Password!")
+    assert "number" in str(exc_info.value)
+
+    # Missing special character
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+        SetupRequest(master_password="Password1")
+    assert "special character" in str(exc_info.value)