Docs/Backend-Development.md

@@ -461,6 +461,64 @@ class BansByCountryResponse(BaseModel):
 
 5. **No ad-hoc wrapper objects** — Don't invent new response shapes. Use the patterns above.
 
+### Standardized Pagination Query Parameters
+
+All paginated endpoints follow a consistent query parameter contract:
+
+| Parameter | Type | Constraints | Default | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| `page` | int | ≥ 1 | `1` | 1-based page number (not 0-based offset). |
+| `page_size` | int | 1–500 | `100` | Items per page. Clients may request smaller pages for UI reasons. |
+
+**Implementation:**
+
+```python
+from fastapi import Query
+from app.utils.constants import DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+
+@router.get("/items")
+async def get_items(
+    page: int = Query(default=1, ge=1, description="1-based page number."),
+    page_size: int = Query(
+        default=DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE,
+        ge=1,
+        le=500,
+        description="Items per page (max 500).",
+    ),
+):
+    # Compute offset for database query
+    offset = (page - 1) * page_size
+    items = await db.fetch("SELECT * FROM items LIMIT ? OFFSET ?", page_size, offset)
+    total = await db.fetchval("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM items")
+
+    return PaginatedListResponse(
+        items=items,
+        total=total,
+        page=page,
+        page_size=page_size,
+    )
+```
+
+**Helper functions** are available in `app.utils.pagination`:
+
+```python
+from app.utils.pagination import get_offset, compute_total_pages
+
+# Calculate database offset from page and page_size
+offset = get_offset(page, page_size)  # Equivalent to (page - 1) * page_size
+
+# Calculate total pages for rendering pagination UI (optional)
+total_pages = compute_total_pages(total, page_size)
+```
+
+**Rules:**
+
+1. **Use 1-based pages** — Not 0-based offsets. Page 1 is always the first page.
+2. **Always provide defaults** — Use `DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE` (100) and initial page 1.
+3. **Cap maximum page_size at 500** — Prevents accidental DoS from enormous requests.
+4. **Respond with `PaginatedListResponse[T]`** — Must include `items`, `total`, `page`, `page_size`.
+5. **Never include `total_pages` in responses** — The frontend can calculate it as `Math.ceil(total / page_size)`.
+
 ---
 
 ## 5. Pydantic Models

Docs/Tasks.md

@@ -1,22 +1,3 @@
-## 25) No canonical snake_case/camelCase serialization policy
-- Where found:
-	- [backend/app/models/server.py](backend/app/models/server.py)
-	- [frontend/src/types/server.ts](frontend/src/types/server.ts)
-- Why this is needed:
-	- Naming convention drift causes brittle frontend-backend contracts.
-- Goal:
-	- Enforce one API field naming policy.
-- What to do:
-	- Configure model aliasing strategy and update frontend contracts.
-- Possible traps and issues:
-	- Partial migration can leave mixed payload formats.
-- Docs changes needed:
-	- Add naming convention section for API fields.
-- Doc references:
-	- [Docs/Backend-Development.md](Docs/Backend-Development.md)
-	- https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/alias/
-
----
 
 ## 26) Pagination contract is not standardized across endpoints
 - Where found:

Docs/Web-Development.md

@@ -246,6 +246,99 @@ const doBan = useCallback(
 - ❌ Passing API functions directly to components — couples components to API contract
 - ❌ Multiple domain hooks for the same data without deduplication — causes wasted requests and state desync
 
+### Standardized Pagination
+
+All paginated endpoints follow a consistent contract to simplify frontend logic and reduce boilerplate:
+
+**Pagination Response Type:**
+
+```ts
+// types/response.ts
+export interface PaginatedListResponse<T> extends CollectionResponse<T> {
+  /** Current page number (1-based). */
+  page: number;
+  /** Number of items per page. */
+  page_size: number;
+}
+
+// Extending interfaces for specific data types:
+// types/ban.ts
+export interface DashboardBanListResponse extends PaginatedListResponse<DashboardBanItem> {}
+
+// types/history.ts
+export interface HistoryListResponse extends PaginatedListResponse<HistoryBanItem> {}
+
+// types/blocklist.ts
+export interface ImportLogListResponse extends PaginatedListResponse<ImportLogEntry> {}
+```
+
+**Query Parameters:**
+
+All paginated endpoints accept these standardized parameters:
+
+| Parameter | Type | Range | Default |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `page` | number | ≥ 1 | `1` |
+| `page_size` | number | 1–500 | `100` |
+
+**Frontend Calculation of Total Pages:**
+
+Frontend code should calculate total pages from the response without relying on a `total_pages` field:
+
+```ts
+// Compute the total number of pages
+const totalPages = Math.ceil(response.total / response.page_size);
+const isLastPage = response.page >= totalPages;
+const isFirstPage = response.page === 1;
+
+// Determine next/previous pages (with bounds checking)
+const nextPage = isLastPage ? response.page : response.page + 1;
+const prevPage = isFirstPage ? 1 : response.page - 1;
+```
+
+**Example Hook:**
+
+```ts
+// hooks/useHistoryPagination.ts
+export function useHistoryPagination() {
+  const [page, setPage] = useState(1);
+  const pageSize = 100;
+
+  const fetcher = useCallback(
+    (signal: AbortSignal) =>
+      fetchHistory(
+        { page, pageSize, /* filters */ },
+        signal,
+      ),
+    [page, pageSize],
+  );
+
+  const { items: historyItems, data: fullResponse, loading, error, refresh } = useListData({
+    fetcher,
+    selector: (res: HistoryListResponse) => res.items,
+  });
+
+  // Calculate pagination UI state
+  const totalPages = Math.ceil((fullResponse?.total ?? 0) / pageSize);
+  const canGoPrevious = page > 1;
+  const canGoNext = page < totalPages;
+
+  return {
+    historyItems,
+    page,
+    pageSize,
+    total: fullResponse?.total ?? 0,
+    totalPages,
+    canGoPrevious,
+    canGoNext,
+    setPage: (newPage: number) => setPage(Math.max(1, Math.min(newPage, totalPages))),
+    loading,
+    error,
+    refresh,
+  };
+}
+```
+
 ### Hook Architecture & Reusable Primitives
 
 BanGUI's hooks are built on composable primitives to eliminate duplication and enforce consistent patterns.

backend/app/models/blocklist.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from enum import StrEnum
 
 from pydantic import AnyHttpUrl, Field
 
-from app.models.response import BanGuiBaseModel
+from app.models.response import BanGuiBaseModel, PaginatedListResponse
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ class ImportLogEntry(BanGuiBaseModel):
     ips_skipped: int
     errors: str | None
 
-class ImportLogListResponse(BanGuiBaseModel):
-    """Response for ``GET /api/blocklists/log``."""
+class ImportLogListResponse(PaginatedListResponse[ImportLogEntry]):
+    """Response for ``GET /api/blocklists/log``.
 
-    items: list[ImportLogEntry] = Field(default_factory=list)
-    total: int = Field(..., ge=0)
-    page: int = Field(default=1, ge=1)
-    page_size: int = Field(default=50, ge=1)
-    total_pages: int = Field(default=1, ge=1)
+    Paginated list of all blocklist import runs with timestamps, source info,
+    and per-source import/skip counts.
+    """
+
+    pass
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Schedule

backend/app/models/history.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from pydantic import Field
 
-from app.models.response import BanGuiBaseModel
+from app.models.response import BanGuiBaseModel, PaginatedListResponse
 
 from app.models.ban import TimeRange
 
@@ -56,13 +56,15 @@ class HistoryBanItem(BanGuiBaseModel):
         description="Organisation name associated with the IP.",
     )
 
-class HistoryListResponse(BanGuiBaseModel):
-    """Paginated history ban-list response."""
+class HistoryListResponse(PaginatedListResponse[HistoryBanItem]):
+    """Paginated history ban-list response.
 
-    items: list[HistoryBanItem] = Field(default_factory=list)
-    total: int = Field(..., ge=0, description="Total matching records.")
-    page: int = Field(..., ge=1)
-    page_size: int = Field(..., ge=1)
+    Request: ``GET /api/history`` with optional time-range, jail, IP, and
+    origin filters plus pagination parameters.
+    Response: Paginated collection of historical ban records with geolocation.
+    """
+
+    pass
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Per-IP timeline

backend/app/routers/blocklist.py

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ from app.models.blocklist import (
 )
 from app.services import ban_service, blocklist_service
 from app.tasks.blocklist_import import run_import_with_resources
+from app.utils.constants import DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
 
 router: APIRouter = APIRouter(prefix="/api/blocklists", tags=["Blocklists"])
 
@@ -221,8 +222,10 @@ async def get_import_log(
     blocklist_ctx: BlocklistServiceContextDep,
     _auth: AuthDep,
     source_id: int | None = Query(default=None, description="Filter by source id"),
-    page: int = Query(default=1, ge=1),
-    page_size: int = Query(default=50, ge=1, le=200),
+    page: int = Query(default=1, ge=1, description="1-based page number."),
+    page_size: int = Query(
+        default=DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE, ge=1, le=500, description="Items per page (max 500)."
+    ),
 ) -> ImportLogListResponse:
     """Return a paginated log of all import runs.
 

backend/app/services/blocklist_service.py

@@ -540,14 +540,12 @@ async def list_import_logs(
     items, total = await import_log_repo.list_logs(
         db, source_id=source_id, page=page, page_size=page_size
     )
-    total_pages = import_log_repo.compute_total_pages(total, page_size)
 
     return ImportLogListResponse(
         items=[ImportLogEntry.model_validate(i) for i in items],
         total=total,
         page=page,
         page_size=page_size,
-        total_pages=total_pages,
     )
 
 

backend/app/utils/pagination.py

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+"""Pagination utilities and standardized query parameter handling.
+
+This module provides reusable utilities for implementing consistent pagination
+across all endpoints. All paginated endpoints should use these utilities to
+ensure a uniform API contract.
+
+Standard Pagination Contract:
+  Query parameters: page (1-based), page_size (1-500)
+  Response: PaginatedListResponse[T] with items, total, page, page_size
+
+Usage in routers:
+  ```python
+  from app.utils.pagination import PAGINATION_DEFAULTS
+
+  @router.get("/items")
+  async def get_items(
+      page: int = Query(default=PAGINATION_DEFAULTS["page"], ge=1),
+      page_size: int = Query(
+          default=PAGINATION_DEFAULTS["page_size"],
+          ge=1,
+          le=PAGINATION_DEFAULTS["max_page_size"],
+      ),
+  ):
+      ...
+  ```
+"""
+
+from typing import Final
+
+__all__ = ["PAGINATION_DEFAULTS", "get_offset", "compute_total_pages"]
+
+# Standardized pagination defaults
+PAGINATION_DEFAULTS: Final[dict[str, int]] = {
+    "page": 1,
+    "page_size": 100,
+    "max_page_size": 500,
+}
+
+
+def get_offset(page: int, page_size: int) -> int:
+    """Calculate the database offset for a given page and page size.
+
+    Args:
+        page: 1-based page number.
+        page_size: Items per page.
+
+    Returns:
+        0-based database offset (number of items to skip).
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If page or page_size is invalid (< 1).
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        # Page 1, size 10 → offset 0
+        assert get_offset(1, 10) == 0
+
+        # Page 2, size 10 → offset 10
+        assert get_offset(2, 10) == 10
+
+        # Page 3, size 50 → offset 100
+        assert get_offset(3, 50) == 100
+        ```
+    """
+    if page < 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"page must be >= 1, got {page}")
+    if page_size < 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"page_size must be >= 1, got {page_size}")
+
+    return (page - 1) * page_size
+
+
+def compute_total_pages(total: int, page_size: int) -> int:
+    """Calculate the total number of pages needed.
+
+    Args:
+        total: Total number of items across all pages.
+        page_size: Items per page.
+
+    Returns:
+        The number of pages required to hold all items. Always at least 1,
+        even when total is 0 (an empty page is still a page).
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If page_size is invalid (< 1).
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        assert compute_total_pages(0, 10) == 1
+        assert compute_total_pages(10, 10) == 1
+        assert compute_total_pages(11, 10) == 2
+        assert compute_total_pages(25, 5) == 5
+        ```
+    """
+    if page_size < 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"page_size must be >= 1, got {page_size}")
+
+    if total == 0:
+        return 1
+
+    # Ceiling division: (total + page_size - 1) // page_size
+    return (total + page_size - 1) // page_size

backend/tests/test_routers/test_blocklist.py

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def _make_import_result() -> ImportRunResult:
 
 def _make_log_response() -> ImportLogListResponse:
     return ImportLogListResponse(
-        items=[], total=0, page=1, page_size=50, total_pages=1
+        items=[], total=0, page=1, page_size=50
     )
 
 
@@ -457,10 +457,10 @@ class TestImportLog:
         assert resp.status_code == 200
 
     async def test_log_response_shape(self, bl_client: AsyncClient) -> None:
-        """Log response has items, total, page, page_size, total_pages."""
+        """Log response has items, total, page, page_size."""
         resp = await bl_client.get("/api/blocklists/log")
         body = resp.json()
-        for key in ("items", "total", "page", "page_size", "total_pages"):
+        for key in ("items", "total", "page", "page_size"):
             assert key in body
 
     async def test_log_empty_when_no_runs(self, bl_client: AsyncClient) -> None:

backend/tests/test_services/test_blocklist_service.py

@@ -529,7 +529,6 @@ class TestImportLogPagination:
         assert resp.total == 0
         assert resp.page == 1
         assert resp.page_size == 10
-        assert resp.total_pages == 1
 
     async def test_list_import_logs_paginates(self, db: aiosqlite.Connection) -> None:
         """list_import_logs computes total pages and returns the correct subset."""
@@ -549,7 +548,6 @@ class TestImportLogPagination:
             db, source_id=None, page=2, page_size=2
         )
         assert resp.total == 3
-        assert resp.total_pages == 2
         assert resp.page == 2
         assert resp.page_size == 2
         assert len(resp.items) == 1

backend/tests/test_utils/test_pagination.py

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+"""Tests for pagination utilities.
+
+Validates the pagination helper functions used across all paginated endpoints.
+"""
+
+import pytest
+
+from app.utils.pagination import get_offset, compute_total_pages, PAGINATION_DEFAULTS
+
+
+class TestPaginationDefaults:
+    """Test pagination default constants."""
+
+    def test_pagination_defaults_structure(self) -> None:
+        """PAGINATION_DEFAULTS contains required keys."""
+        required_keys = {"page", "page_size", "max_page_size"}
+        assert required_keys.issubset(PAGINATION_DEFAULTS.keys())
+
+    def test_pagination_defaults_values(self) -> None:
+        """PAGINATION_DEFAULTS have expected values."""
+        assert PAGINATION_DEFAULTS["page"] == 1
+        assert PAGINATION_DEFAULTS["page_size"] == 100
+        assert PAGINATION_DEFAULTS["max_page_size"] == 500
+
+
+class TestGetOffset:
+    """Test get_offset calculation."""
+
+    def test_first_page(self) -> None:
+        """First page (page=1) produces offset=0."""
+        assert get_offset(1, 10) == 0
+
+    def test_second_page(self) -> None:
+        """Second page (page=2) produces offset=page_size."""
+        assert get_offset(2, 10) == 10
+
+    def test_arbitrary_page(self) -> None:
+        """Arbitrary pages produce correct offsets."""
+        assert get_offset(3, 50) == 100
+        assert get_offset(5, 25) == 100
+        assert get_offset(10, 100) == 900
+
+    def test_page_size_variations(self) -> None:
+        """Offsets scale correctly with page_size."""
+        assert get_offset(2, 1) == 1
+        assert get_offset(2, 10) == 10
+        assert get_offset(2, 100) == 100
+        assert get_offset(2, 500) == 500
+
+    def test_invalid_page_raises(self) -> None:
+        """Invalid page numbers raise ValueError."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="page must be >= 1"):
+            get_offset(0, 10)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="page must be >= 1"):
+            get_offset(-1, 10)
+
+    def test_invalid_page_size_raises(self) -> None:
+        """Invalid page sizes raise ValueError."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="page_size must be >= 1"):
+            get_offset(1, 0)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="page_size must be >= 1"):
+            get_offset(1, -1)
+
+
+class TestComputeTotalPages:
+    """Test compute_total_pages calculation."""
+
+    def test_empty_collection(self) -> None:
+        """Empty collection (total=0) produces at least 1 page."""
+        assert compute_total_pages(0, 10) == 1
+
+    def test_exact_page_fit(self) -> None:
+        """Totals that fit exactly produce expected page count."""
+        assert compute_total_pages(10, 10) == 1
+        assert compute_total_pages(20, 10) == 2
+        assert compute_total_pages(50, 10) == 5
+
+    def test_partial_page(self) -> None:
+        """Totals that overflow a page produce ceil(total / page_size)."""
+        assert compute_total_pages(11, 10) == 2
+        assert compute_total_pages(25, 5) == 5
+        assert compute_total_pages(101, 10) == 11
+
+    def test_single_item(self) -> None:
+        """Single item produces 1 page regardless of page_size."""
+        assert compute_total_pages(1, 1) == 1
+        assert compute_total_pages(1, 10) == 1
+        assert compute_total_pages(1, 500) == 1
+
+    def test_large_page_size(self) -> None:
+        """Large page sizes still compute correctly."""
+        assert compute_total_pages(1, 500) == 1
+        assert compute_total_pages(501, 500) == 2
+        assert compute_total_pages(1000, 500) == 2
+
+    def test_invalid_page_size_raises(self) -> None:
+        """Invalid page sizes raise ValueError."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="page_size must be >= 1"):
+            compute_total_pages(100, 0)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="page_size must be >= 1"):
+            compute_total_pages(100, -1)

frontend/src/types/blocklist.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
  * TypeScript types for the blocklist management feature.
  */
 
+import type { PaginatedListResponse } from "./response";
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Sources
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -45,13 +47,7 @@ export interface ImportLogEntry {
   errors: string | null;
 }
 
-export interface ImportLogListResponse {
-  items: ImportLogEntry[];
-  total: number;
-  page: number;
-  page_size: number;
-  total_pages: number;
-}
+export interface ImportLogListResponse extends PaginatedListResponse<ImportLogEntry> {}
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Schedule

frontend/src/types/history.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
  * TypeScript types for the ban history API.
  */
 
+import type { PaginatedListResponse } from "./response";
 import type { TimeRange } from "./ban";
 
 /** Optional time-range filter for history queries. */
@@ -22,12 +23,7 @@ export interface HistoryBanItem {
 }
 
 /** Paginated response from GET /api/history */
-export interface HistoryListResponse {
-  items: HistoryBanItem[];
-  total: number;
-  page: number;
-  page_size: number;
-}
+export interface HistoryListResponse extends PaginatedListResponse<HistoryBanItem> {}
 
 /** A single ban event in a per-IP timeline. */
 export interface IpTimelineEvent {