"""Regex pattern validation with security checks against ReDoS attacks.

Provides timeout and complexity limits to prevent catastrophic backtracking
(ReDoS - Regular Expression Denial of Service).
"""

from __future__ import annotations

import re
import signal
from contextlib import contextmanager
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

import structlog

try:
    from regexploit.ast.sre import SreOpParser
    from regexploit.redos import Redos, find

    _REGEXPLOIT_AVAILABLE = True
except ImportError:
    SreOpParser = Redos = find = None
    _REGEXPLOIT_AVAILABLE = False

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from collections.abc import Generator

logger = structlog.get_logger()

# Constants for regex validation
MAX_REGEX_LENGTH = 1000
REGEX_COMPILE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2

# Minimum starriness threshold for flagging as ReDoS
# Higher values = more severe/numerous nested quantifiers
_MINIMUM_STARRINESS = 3


class RegexTimeoutError(Exception):
    """Raised when regex compilation exceeds the timeout limit."""

    def __init__(self, pattern: str, timeout_seconds: int) -> None:
        """Initialize with the pattern and timeout value.

        Args:
            pattern: The regex pattern that timed out.
            timeout_seconds: The timeout value in seconds.
        """
        self.pattern = pattern
        self.timeout_seconds = timeout_seconds
        super().__init__(
            f"Regex pattern compilation timed out after {timeout_seconds}s "
            f"(possible ReDoS attack): {pattern!r}"
        )


class ReDoSDetectedError(Exception):
    """Raised when a regex pattern is detected to have catastrophic backtracking."""

    def __init__(self, pattern: str, redos: Redos) -> None:
        """Initialize with the pattern and detection reason.

        Args:
            pattern: The regex pattern that was detected as dangerous.
            redos: The Redos object containing details about the vulnerability.
        """
        self.pattern = pattern
        self.starriness = redos.starriness
        self.reason = redos.example()
        super().__init__(
            f"ReDoS pattern detected (starriness={redos.starriness}): {self.reason}"
        )


def _check_redos(pattern: str) -> "Redos | None":
    """Check if a pattern has catastrophic backtracking.

    Args:
        pattern: The regex pattern string to check.

    Returns:
        A Redos object if vulnerability detected, None otherwise.
    """
    if not _REGEXPLOIT_AVAILABLE:
        return None

    try:
        parsed = SreOpParser().parse_sre(pattern, 0)
    except re.error:
        # Invalid regex - will be caught by re.compile() later
        return None

    redos_list = find(parsed)
    for redos in redos_list:
        if redos.starriness >= _MINIMUM_STARRINESS:
            return redos
    return None


def validate_regex_pattern(pattern: str) -> None:
    """Validate a regex pattern with length and ReDoS checks.

    Validates a regex pattern by:
    1. Checking length does not exceed MAX_REGEX_LENGTH characters
    2. Checking for known catastrophic backtracking patterns (ReDoS)
    3. Attempting compilation with a timeout to prevent ReDoS attacks

    Args:
        pattern: The regex pattern string to validate.

    Raises:
        ValueError: If the pattern exceeds maximum length.
        ReDoSDetectedError: If the pattern is detected as a ReDoS vulnerability.
        RegexTimeoutError: If compilation exceeds the timeout.
        re.error: If the pattern is syntactically invalid.

    Example:
        >>> validate_regex_pattern(r'^[a-z]+$')  # OK
        >>> validate_regex_pattern('a' * 1001)   # Raises ValueError
        >>> validate_regex_pattern(r'(a+)+b')    # Raises ReDoSDetectedError
    """
    # Check length first (fast, no timeout needed)
    if len(pattern) > MAX_REGEX_LENGTH:
        msg = f"Regex pattern exceeds maximum length of {MAX_REGEX_LENGTH} characters: {len(pattern)} provided"
        logger.warning("regex_validation_length_exceeded", max_length=MAX_REGEX_LENGTH, actual_length=len(pattern))
        raise ValueError(msg)

    # Check for ReDoS patterns before compilation
    redos = _check_redos(pattern)
    if redos is not None:
        logger.warning(
            "regex_redos_detected",
            starriness=redos.starriness,
            pattern_preview=pattern[:100],
        )
        raise ReDoSDetectedError(pattern, redos)

    # Attempt compilation with timeout
    try:
        with _timeout_context(REGEX_COMPILE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS):
            re.compile(pattern)
    except TimeoutError as exc:
        logger.warning(
            "regex_compilation_timeout",
            timeout_seconds=REGEX_COMPILE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
            pattern_preview=pattern[:100],
        )
        raise RegexTimeoutError(pattern, REGEX_COMPILE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) from exc


@contextmanager
def _timeout_context(timeout_seconds: int) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
    """Context manager to enforce a timeout using signal.alarm().

    Works on Unix-like systems (Linux, macOS, etc.). On Windows or other
    platforms where signal.SIGALRM is unavailable, compilation proceeds
    without timeout (not ideal, but graceful degradation).

    Args:
        timeout_seconds: Timeout duration in seconds.

    Yields:
        None.

    Raises:
        TimeoutError: If the timeout is exceeded.

    Note:
        This uses signal.alarm() which is only available on Unix. On Windows,
        timeouts are not enforced (limitation of the platform).
    """
    # Check if signal.SIGALRM is available (Unix-like systems)
    if not hasattr(signal, "SIGALRM"):
        # Windows or other platforms without SIGALRM
        # Just proceed without timeout (not ideal, but prevents crashes)
        yield
        return

    def _timeout_handler(signum: int, frame: object) -> None:
        raise TimeoutError("Timeout exceeded")

    # Set up signal handler
    old_handler = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, _timeout_handler)
    signal.alarm(timeout_seconds)

    try:
        yield
    finally:
        # Always disable the alarm, even if an exception occurred
        signal.alarm(0)
        signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_handler)