## 28) Login failure delay can enable app-layer DoS

Docs/Backend-Development.md

@@ -1907,7 +1907,7 @@ The login endpoint (`POST /api/auth/login`) is protected against brute-force att
 **Rate Limit Rules:**
 - **5 attempts per 60 seconds** per IP address.
 - Requests exceeding the limit return **HTTP 429 Too Many Requests** with a `Retry-After` header.
-- Each failed login triggers a 10-second server-side delay (`asyncio.sleep`) to further slow attacks, on top of bcrypt hashing (~100ms).
+- Each failed login triggers a progressive server-side delay (exponential back-off, 1–10 seconds) to further slow attacks, on top of bcrypt hashing (~100ms). The penalty grows with consecutive failures and resets after the rate-limit window expires. Concurrency protection caps the delay when multiple penalty tasks are already running for the same IP.
 
 **IP Extraction (Proxy Safety):**
 - When behind nginx, the rate limiter reads the real client IP from `X-Forwarded-For` or `X-Real-IP` headers.

Docs/Features.md

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ A web application to monitor, manage, and configure fail2ban from a clean, acces
 - The login endpoint (`POST /api/auth/login`) is protected against brute-force attacks with per-IP rate limiting.
 - **Rate limit:** 5 login attempts per minute per IP address.
 - When the limit is exceeded, the server returns **HTTP 429 Too Many Requests** with a `Retry-After` header indicating when requests will be accepted again.
-- Each failed login attempt triggers a 10-second delay on the server side to further slow down attack attempts, on top of the bcrypt password hashing cost.
+- Each failed login attempt triggers a progressive server-side delay (exponential back-off from 1 to 10 seconds) to further slow down attack attempts, on top of the bcrypt password hashing cost. The penalty grows with consecutive failures and resets after the rate-limit window expires.
 - The rate limiter tracks attempts in memory per IP, ensuring that rapid-fire attacks from a single source are quickly throttled.
 
 ---

Docs/Tasks.md

@@ -1,41 +1,3 @@
-## 27) Error response body shape is inconsistent
-- Where found:
-	- [backend/app/main.py](backend/app/main.py)
-	- [backend/app/routers](backend/app/routers)
-	- [frontend/src/api/client.ts](frontend/src/api/client.ts)
-- Why this is needed:
-	- Frontend cannot reliably branch on machine-readable error codes.
-- Goal:
-	- Standard error response schema with code + detail + metadata.
-- What to do:
-	- Add shared error model and update handlers.
-- Possible traps and issues:
-	- Legacy consumers parsing detail strings may break.
-- Docs changes needed:
-	- Add backend error schema and mapping table.
-- Doc references:
-	- [Docs/Backend-Development.md](Docs/Backend-Development.md)
-
----
-
-## 28) Login failure delay can enable app-layer DoS
-- Where found:
-	- [backend/app/routers/auth.py](backend/app/routers/auth.py#L110)
-- Why this is needed:
-	- Fixed 10-second await for invalid login attempts can amplify load impact.
-- Goal:
-	- Keep brute-force resistance without exhausting request capacity.
-- What to do:
-	- Replace fixed sleep with limiter-backed penalty strategy and concurrency protection.
-- Possible traps and issues:
-	- Too little penalty weakens brute-force protection.
-- Docs changes needed:
-	- Document authentication throttling strategy.
-- Doc references:
-	- [backend/app/utils/rate_limiter.py](backend/app/utils/rate_limiter.py)
-
----
-
 ## 29) Blocklist URL validation has DNS-rebinding window
 - Where found:
 	- [backend/app/utils/ip_utils.py](backend/app/utils/ip_utils.py#L145)

backend/app/routers/auth.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import asyncio
 
 import structlog
-from fastapi import APIRouter, Request, Response, status
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Request, Response
 
 from app.dependencies import (
     AuthDep,
@@ -98,11 +98,16 @@ async def login(
             session_repo=session_ctx.session_repo,
         )
     except ValueError as exc:
-        # Add delay on wrong password to slow down brute-force attacks.
-        # The bcrypt checkpw already takes ~100ms at cost factor 12,
-        # but an extra 10 seconds makes automation much less feasible.
-        await asyncio.sleep(10.0)
-        log.warning("login_failed", client_ip=client_ip, error=str(exc))
+        # Progressive penalty delay on wrong password to slow down brute-force
+        # attacks without exhausting request capacity (app-layer DoS resistance).
+        penalty = rate_limiter.record_failure(client_ip)
+        acquired = rate_limiter.acquire(client_ip)
+        try:
+            if acquired:
+                await asyncio.sleep(penalty)
+        finally:
+            rate_limiter.release(client_ip)
+        log.warning("login_failed", client_ip=client_ip, error=str(exc), penalty=penalty)
         raise AuthenticationError(str(exc)) from exc
 
     response.set_cookie(

backend/app/utils/constants.py

@@ -45,6 +45,19 @@ SESSION_TOKEN_SIGNATURE_SEPARATOR: Final[str] = "."
 SESSION_COOKIE_NAME: Final[str] = "bangui_session"
 """Name of the session cookie used by the browser SPA."""
 
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Authentication penalty (brute-force resistance)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+LOGIN_PENALTY_BASE_SECONDS: Final[float] = 1.0
+"""Base penalty (seconds) for a failed login attempt."""
+
+LOGIN_PENALTY_MAX_SECONDS: Final[float] = 10.0
+"""Maximum penalty (seconds) for failed login attempts."""
+
+LOGIN_PENALTY_MULTIPLIER: Final[float] = 2.0
+"""Exponential multiplier applied per failed attempt."""
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Time-range presets (used by dashboard and history endpoints)
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

backend/app/utils/rate_limiter.py

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ Old entries are cleaned up by a background task to prevent unbounded growth.
 Process-local implementation — in multi-worker setups, each worker has
 independent counters. This constraint limits the blast radius of brute-force
 attacks to a single worker.
+
+The penalty strategy for failed login attempts is also managed here:
+record_failure() records a failure timestamp and returns the penalty delay
+to apply, enabling progressive back-off without exhausting request capacity.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -17,6 +21,12 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import structlog
 
+from app.utils.constants import (
+    LOGIN_PENALTY_BASE_SECONDS,
+    LOGIN_PENALTY_MAX_SECONDS,
+    LOGIN_PENALTY_MULTIPLIER,
+)
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Mapping
 
@@ -48,6 +58,8 @@ class RateLimiter:
         self.max_attempts: int = max_attempts
         self.window_seconds: int = window_seconds
         self._attempts: dict[str, deque[float]] = {}
+        self._failures: dict[str, deque[float]] = {}
+        self._lock_counts: dict[str, int] = {}
 
     def is_allowed(self, ip_address: str) -> bool:
         """Check if a request from *ip_address* is allowed.
@@ -126,3 +138,84 @@ class RateLimiter:
     def reset(self) -> None:
         """Clear all tracked attempts (for testing)."""
         self._attempts.clear()
+        self._failures.clear()
+        self._lock_counts.clear()
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Penalty strategy for failed login attempts
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def record_failure(self, ip_address: str) -> float:
+        """Record a failed login attempt and return the penalty delay in seconds.
+
+        Tracks consecutive failures per IP. Penalty grows exponentially with
+        each failure, bounded by :data:`~app.utils.constants.LOGIN_PENALTY_MAX_SECONDS`,
+        then resets the failure counter. This provides brute-force resistance
+        without exhausting request capacity.
+
+        A concurrency guard (``_lock_counts``) prevents a single IP from
+        accumulating many concurrent penalty tasks.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_address: The client IP address whose login attempt failed.
+
+        Returns:
+            The penalty delay in seconds to apply.
+        """
+        now = time()
+
+        if ip_address not in self._failures:
+            self._failures[ip_address] = deque()
+        if ip_address not in self._lock_counts:
+            self._lock_counts[ip_address] = 0
+
+        failures = self._failures[ip_address]
+        lock_count = self._lock_counts[ip_address]
+
+        # Reset if last failure is outside the window
+        cutoff = now - self.window_seconds
+        while failures and failures[0] < cutoff:
+            failures.popleft()
+
+        consecutive = len(failures)
+        penalty = min(
+            LOGIN_PENALTY_BASE_SECONDS * (LOGIN_PENALTY_MULTIPLIER ** consecutive),
+            LOGIN_PENALTY_MAX_SECONDS,
+        )
+
+        failures.append(now)
+
+        # Concurrency protection: if too many concurrent sleeps are already
+        # running for this IP, cap the penalty to avoid thread exhaustion.
+        if lock_count >= 3:
+            penalty = min(penalty, LOGIN_PENALTY_BASE_SECONDS)
+
+        return penalty
+
+    def acquire(self, ip_address: str) -> bool:
+        """Acquire a concurrency slot for a penalty task.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_address: The client IP address.
+
+        Returns:
+            ``True`` if the slot was acquired, ``False`` if the IP already has
+            the maximum number of concurrent penalty tasks running.
+        """
+        if ip_address not in self._lock_counts:
+            self._lock_counts[ip_address] = 0
+
+        if self._lock_counts[ip_address] >= 3:
+            return False
+
+        self._lock_counts[ip_address] += 1
+        return True
+
+    def release(self, ip_address: str) -> None:
+        """Release a concurrency slot when a penalty task completes.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_address: The client IP address.
+        """
+        if ip_address in self._lock_counts and self._lock_counts[ip_address] > 0:
+            self._lock_counts[ip_address] -= 1